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Low Sperm Motility Is Determined by Abnormal Protein Modification during Epididymal Maturation

During epididymal sperm maturation, spermatozoa acquire progressive motility through dynamic protein modifications. However, the relationship between sequential protein modifications during epididymal sperm maturation and sperm motility and fertility has not yet been investigated. This study investigated whether sequential changes in fertility-related protein expression including that of enolase 1 (ENO1), ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1 and 2 (UQCRC1 and UQCRC2), and voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) in spermatozoa during epididymal maturation are related to bovine sperm motility. Moreover, we found that mitochondrial metabolism is closely related to fertility-related proteins. Therefore, we investigated how the sequential modification of mitochondrial proteins during epididymal maturation regulates sperm motility. To determine the differential protein expression in caput and cauda epididymal spermatozoa from low and high motility bulls, western blot analysis was performed. Moreover, signaling pathways were identified to understand the mechanisms of regulation of sperm motility through the differential protein expression associated with fertility-related proteins.

We found that ENO1 was substantially higher in the caput spermatozoa from low motility bulls than the caput and cauda spermatozoa from high motility bulls. However, ENO1 expression in low motility bull spermatozoa was downregulated to a level comparable to that in the high motility bull spermatozoa during epididymal maturation. Moreover, there was a lack of modification of mitochondrial proteins, including glutathione peroxidase 4 and NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit S8, in low motility bull spermatozoa during epididymal maturation, whereas active changes were detected in high motility bull spermatozoa. Irregular modifications of mitochondrial proteins during epididymal sperm maturation may increase excessive ROS production and premature activation of spermatozoa during epididymal maturation. Consequently, spermatozoa may lose their motility by the earlier consumption of their energy source and may be damaged by ROS during epididymal maturation, resulting in a decline in sperm motility and bull fertility.

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Abnormal histone replacement following BPA exposure affects spermatogenesis and fertility sequentially

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical widely distributed in the environment. Its exposure has been linked to male infertility in animals and humans due to its ability to induce epigenetic modification. Despite extensive research confirming the impact of BPA on epigenetic regulation, fundamental concerns about how BPA causes epigenetic changes and the underlying mechanism of BPA on the male reproductive system remain unresolved. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of BPA on epigenetic regulation and the histone-to-protamine (PRM) transition, which is fundamental process for male fertility in testes and spermatozoa by exposing male mice to BPA for 6 weeks while giving the mice in the control group corn oil by oral gavage. Our results demonstrated that the mRNA levels of the histone family and PRMs were significantly altered by BPA exposure in testes and spermatozoa. 

Subsequently, core histone proteins, the PRM1/PRM2 ratio, directly linked to male fertility, and transition proteins were significantly reduced. Furthermore, we discovered that BPA significantly caused abnormal histone-to-protamine replacement during spermiogenesis by increased histone variants-related to histone-to-PRM transition. The levels of histone H3 modification in the testes and DNA methylation in spermatozoa were significantly increased. Consequently, sperm concentration/motility/hyperactivation, fertilization, and early embryonic development were adversely affected as a consequence of altered signaling proteins following BPA exposure. To our knowledge, this is the first study to indicate that BPA exposure influences the histone-to-PRM transition via altering epigenetic modification and eventually causing reduced male fertility.

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Heat shock protein family D member 1 in boar spermatozoa is strongly related to the litter size of inseminated sows

Sperm quality evaluation is the logical first step in increasing field fertility. Spermatozoa contain cytoplasmic organelles and biomolecules known as sperm-intrinsic factors, which play key roles in sperm maturation, sperm-oocyte fusion, and embryo development. In particular, sperm membrane proteins [e.g., arginine vasopressin receptor 2, beta-actin, prohibitin, and heat shock protein family D member 1 (HSPD1)] and RNA could be used as functional indicators of male fertility. We sought to clarify the effects of differential mRNA expression of selected genes on several fertilisation parameters, including sperm motility, motion kinematics, capacitation, and litter size, in a porcine model. Our results demonstrated that HSPD1 expression was significantly correlated with male fertility, as measured by the litter size of inseminated sows. The expression of HSPD1 mRNA was linked to sperm motility and other motion kinematic characteristics. Furthermore, HSPD1 had a 66.7% overall accuracy in detecting male fertility, and the high-litter size group which was selected with the HSPD1 marker had a 1.34 greater litter size than the low-litter size group. Our findings indicate that HSPD1 might be a helpful biomarker for superior boar selection for artificial insemination, which could boost field fertility.  

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Establishment of a male fertility prediction model with sperm RNA markers in pigs as a translational animal model

Male infertility is an important issue that causes low production in the animal industry. To solve the male fertility crisis in the animal industry, the prediction of sperm quality is the most important step. Sperm RNA is the potential marker for male fertility prediction. We hypothesized that the expression of functional genes related to fertilization will be the best target for male fertility prediction markers. To investigate optimum male fertility prediction marker, we compared target genes expression level and a wide range of field data acquired from artificial insemination of boar semen. Among the genes related to acrosomal vesicle exocytosis and sperm-oocyte fusion, equatorin (EQTN), zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 4 (ZP4), and sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 3 exhibited high accuracy (70%, 90%, and 70%, respectively) as markers to evaluate male fertility. Combinations of EQTN-ZP4, ZP4-protein unc-13 homolog B, and ZP4-regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 1 (RIMS1) showed the highest prediction value, and all these markers are involved in the acrosome reaction. The EQTN-ZP4 model was efficient in clustering the high-fertility group and may be useful for selection of animal that has superior fertility in the livestock industry. Compared to the EQTN-ZP4 model, the ZP4-RIMS1 model was more efficient in clustering the low-fertility group and may be useful in the diagnosis of male infertility in humans and other animals. The appointed translational animal model and established biomarker combination can be widely used in various scientific fields such as biomedical science.   

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Bisphenol A damages testicular junctional proteins transgenerationally in mice 

Testicular junctions are pivotal to male fertility and regulated by constituent proteins. Increasing evidence suggests that environmental chemicals, including bisphenol A (BPA), may impact these proteins, but whether the impacts persist for generations is not yet known. Here, we investigate the effect of BPA (a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical) on testis and sperm functions and whether the effects are transferred to subsequent generations. Male mice (F0) were exposed to corn oil (Control) or 5 or 50 mg BPA/kg body weight/day from 6 to 12 weeks of age. The F0 were mated with wild-type females to produce the first filial (F1) generation. F2 and F3 were produced using similar procedures. Our results showed that BPA doses decreased the levels of some junctional proteins partly via binding with estrogen receptors (ERα and Erβ), upregulation of p-ERK1/2, P85, p-JNK and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Consequently, testicular histological abnormalities, disrupted spermatogenesis, decreased sperm count, and inability to fertilize eggs were observed in mice exposed to BPA. These effects were transferred to successive generations (F2), partly through DNA methylation, but mostly alleviated in F3 males. Our findings suggest that paternal exposure to chemicals promoting alteration of testicular junctional proteins and its transgenerational inheritance is a key component of the origin of male reproductive health problems.

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Systematic multi-omics reveals the overactivation of T cell receptor signaling in immune system following bisphenol A exposure 

Bisphenol A (BPA) is pervasive in the environment, and exposure to BPA may increase the incidence of noncommunicable diseases like autoimmune diseases and cancer. Although BPA causes immunological problems at the cellular level, no system-level research has been conducted on this. Hence, in this study, we aimed to gain a better understanding of the biological response to BPA exposure and its association with immunological disorders. For that, we explored the transcriptome and the proteomic modifications at the systems and cellular levels following BPA exposure. Our integrated multi-omics data showed the alteration of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway at both levels. The proportion of enlarged T cells increased with upregulation of CD69, a surface marker of early T cell activation, even though the number of T cells reduced after BPA exposure. Additionally, on BPA exposure, the levels of pLCK and pSRC increased in T cells, while that of pLAT decreased. Following BPA exposure, we investigated cytokine profiles and discovered that chitinase 3 Like 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were enriched in T cells. These results indicated that T cells were hyperactivated by CD69 stimulation, and phosphorylation of SRC accelerated on BPA exposure. Hence, alteration in the TCR signaling pathway during development and differentiation due to BPA exposure could lead to insufficient and hasty activation of TCR signaling in T cells, which could modify cytokine profiles, leading to increased environmental susceptibility to chronic inflammation or diseases, increasing the chance of autoimmune diseases and cancer. This study enhances our understanding of the effects of environmental perturbations on immunosuppression at molecular, cellular, and systematic levels following pubertal BPA exposure, and may help develop better predictive, preventative, and therapeutic techniques.

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Hepatic consequences of a mixture of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in male mice 

The global epidemic of metabolic syndrome has been partially linked to ubiquitous exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Although the impacts of exposure to single EDCs have been thoroughly studied, the consequences of simultaneous uncontrolled exposure to multiple EDCs require further investigations. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated how exposure to mixtures containing bisphenol A and seven phthalates impacts liver functions and metabolic homeostasis. Male mice were gavaged with either EDCs at four different dose combinations or corn oil (control) for six weeks. The results showed that exposure to EDCs at the human daily exposure limit had a negligible impact on liver function. However, EDC at ≥ 25 orders of magnitude of human-relevant doses had detrimental impacts on overall liver function, leading to metabolic abnormalities, steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis via the activation of both genomic and non-genomic pathways. The metabolic phenotype was linked to alterations in key genes involved in hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. In contrast, alterations in cytokine expression, oxidative stress, and apoptosis impacted steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Because EDC exposure does not occur independently, the findings of the combined effects of exposure to multiple EDCs have significant relevance for public health.

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ALL PUBLICATIONS

1. Chang YS, Lee JY, Moon SY, Kim JG, Pang MG, Shin CJ. Factors affecting penetration of zona-free hamster ova. Arch Androl 1990; 25: 213-224. 
2. Hoegerman SF, Pang MG, Kearns WG. Sex chromosome abnormalities after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Lancet 1995; 346: 1095.     I Liebaers, M Bonduelle, E Van Assche, P Devroey, A Van Steirteghem, StantonF Hoegerman, Myung-Geol Pang, WilliamG Kearns, I Govaerts, Y Englert, E Vamos, F Rodesch, Jan Tesarik, C Hervé, G Moutel. Sex chromosome abnormalities after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Lancet 1995; 346: 1095-1-97. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91768-3 
3. Baudard M, Flotte TR, Aran JM, Thierry AR, Pastan I, Pang MG, Kearns WG, Gottesman MM. Expression of the human multidrug resistance and glucocebrosidase cDNAs from Adeno-associated vectors: Efficient promoter activity of AAV sequences and in vivo delivery via liposomes. Hum Gene Therapy 1996; 7: 1309-1322. 
4. Semenza GL, Rue EA, Iyer NV, Pang MG, Kearns WG. Assignment of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α gene to a region of conserved syntency of mouse chromosome 12 and human chromosome 14q. Genomics 1996; 34: 437-439. 
5. Kearns WG, Afione SA, Fulmer SB, Pang MG, Erikson D, Egan M, Landrum MJ, Flotte TR, Cutting GR. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV-CFTR) vectors do not integrate in a site-specific fashion in an immortalized epithelial cell line. Gene Therapy 1996; 3: 748-755. 
6. Newberg MT, Francisco RG, Pang MG, Brugo S, Doncel GF, Acosta AA, Hoegerman SF, Kearns WG. Cytogenetics of somatic cells and sperm from a 46,XY/45,X mosaic male with moderate oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Fertil Steril 1998; 69: 146-148. 
7. Kim DS, Lee JY, Pang MG. Male circumcision: a south Korea perspective. BJU Int 83, Suppl. 1999; 1: 28-33. 
8. Pang MG, Hoegerman SF, Cuticchia AJ, Moon SY, Doncel GF, Acosta AA, Kearns WG. Detection of aneuploidy for for chromosomes 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, X and Y by fluorescence in situ hybridization in sperm from nine patients with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 1266-1273. 
9. Pfeffer J, Pang MG, Hoegerman SF, Osgood CJ, Stacey MW, Mayer J, Oehninger S, Kearns WG. Aneuploidy frequencies in semen fractions from ten oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients donating sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 472-478. 
10. Ko JH, Lee CS, Kim KH, Pang MG, Koo JS, Fang N, Koo DB, Oh KB, Youn WS, Zheng GD, Park JS, Kim SJ, Han YM, Choi IY, Lim J, Shin ST, Jin SW, Lee KK, Yoo OJ. Production of biologically active human granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the milk of transgenic goat. Transgenic Res 2000, 9: 215-222. 
11. Pang MG, Kim DS. Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes. BJU Int 2002; 89: 48-54. 
12. Ryu M, Dae Kim J, Goo Min B, Pang MG, Kim J. Nonlinear matching measure for the analysis of on-off type DNA microarray images. J Biomed Opt 2004; 9: 432-438. 
13. Kim YJ, Park MH, Park HS, Lee KS, Ha EH, Pang MG. Associations of polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen M235 polymorphism and angiotensin-converting-enzyme intron 16 insertion/deletion polymorphism with preeclampsia in Korean women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 116: 48-53. 
14. Hwang HS, Park M, Lee SY, Kwon KH, Pang MG. Distribution and prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in routine pap smear of 2,470 Korean women determined by DNA chip. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2153-2156. 
15. Pang MG, Jee BC, Kim SH, Ryu BY, Oh SK, Suh CS, Moon SY. Chromosomal constitution of embryos derived from tripronuclear zygotes studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes for chromosomes 4, 13, 18, 21, X, and Y. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2005; 59: 14-18. 
16. Kim YJ, Park HS, Park MH, Suh SH, Pang MG. Oxidative stress-related gene polymorphism and the risk of preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 119: 42-46. 
17. Pang MG, Kim YJ, Lee SH, Kim CK. The high incidence of meiotic errors increases with decreased sperm count in severe male factor infertilities. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:1688-1694. 
18. Kim D, Pang MG. The effect of male circumcision on sexuality. BJU Int 2007; 99:619-622. 
19. Kim YJ, Park H, Lee HY, Ahn YM, Ha EH, Suh SH, Pang MG. Paraoxonase gene polymorphism, serum lipid, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 133: 47-52. 
20. Kim YJ, Jeon YJ, Ahn YM, Lee HY, Woo SY, Park HS, Ha EH, Pang MG. Prenatal increased asymmetric dimethylarginine is associated with placental heat-shock protein 70 and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 expression. Arch Med Res 2007; 38: 839-845. 
21. Kwon KH, Jeon YJ, Hwang HS, Lee KA, Kim YJ, Chung HW, Pang MG. A high yield of fetal nucleated red blood cells isolated using optimal osmolality and a double-density gradient system. Prenat Diagn 2007; 27: 1245-1250. 
22. Kim YJ, Park BH, Park H, Jung SC, Pang MG, Ryu HM, Lee KS, Eom SM, Park HY. No association of the genetic polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase, and vascular endothelial growth factor with preeclampsia in Korean populations. Twin Res Hum Genet 2008; 11: 77-83.  
23. Kim EA, Kim JA, Park MH, Jung SC, Suh SH, Pang MG, Kim YJ. Lysophosphatidylcholine induces endothelial cell injury by nitric oxide production through oxidative stress. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22: 325-331. 
24. Kim YJ, Lee BE, Lee HY, Park HS, Ha EH, Jung SC, Pang MG. Uterine artery notch is associated with increased placental endothelial nitric oxide synthase and heat shock protein. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23: 153-157. 
25. Oh SA, You YA, Park YJ, Pang MG. The sperm penetration assay predicts the litter size in pigs. Int J Androl 2010; 33: 604-612. 
26. Oh SA, Park YJ, You YA, Mohamed EA, Pang MG. Capacitation status of stored boar spermatozoa is related to litter size of sows. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121: 131-138. 
27. Pang MG, You YA, Park YJ, Oh SA, Kim DS, Kim YJ. Numerical chromosome abnormalities are associated with sperm tail swelling patterns. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: 1012-1020. 
28. Mohamed el-SA, Song WH, Oh SA, Park YJ, You YA, Lee S, Choi JY, Kim YJ, Jo I, Pang MG. The transgenerational impact of benzo(a)pyrene on murine male fertility. Hum Reprod 2010; 25: 2427-2433. 
29. Lee BE, Park H, Park EA, Gwak H, Ha EH, Pang MG, Kim YJ. Paraoxonase 1 gene and glutathione S-transferase μ 1 gene interaction with preterm delivery in Korean women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:569.e1-569.e7. 
30. Oh SA, Suh Y, Pang MG, Lee K. Cloning of avian G(0)/G(1) switch gene 2 (G0S2) genes and developmental and nutritional regulation of G0S2 in chicken adipose tissue. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:367-375. 
31. Mohamed el-SA, Park YJ, Song WH, Shin DH, You YA, Ryu BY, Pang MG. Xenoestrogenic compounds promote capacitation and an acrosome reaction in porcine sperm. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1161-1169. 
32. Park YJ, Mohamed el-SA, Kwon WS, You YA, Ryu BY, Pang MG. Xenoestrogenic chemicals effectively alter sperm functional behavior in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:418-424. 
33. Park YJ, Kwon WS, Oh SA, Pang MG. Fertility-related proteomic profiling bull spermatozoa separated by Percoll. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4162-4168. 
34. Park YJ, Mohamed el-SA, Oh SA, Yoon SJ, Kwon WS, Kim HR, Lee MS, Lee K, Pang MG. Sperm penetration assay an indicator of bull fertility. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:461-466. 
35. Kim D, Koo SA, Pang MG. Decline in male circumcision in South Korea. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:1067. 
36. Choi JY, Lee S, Hwang S, Jo SA, Kim M, Kim YJ, Pang MG, Jo I. Histone H3 lysine 27 and 9 hypermethylation within the Bad promoter region mediates 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced Leydig cell apoptosis: implications of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine toxicity to male reproduction. Apotosis 2013; 18: 99-109. 
37. Kwon WS, Park YJ, Kim YH, You YA, Kim IC, Pang MG. Vasopressin effectively suppresses male fertility. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e54192. 
38. Kwon WS, Park YJ, Mohamed el-SA, Pang MG. Voltage-dependent anion channels are a key factor of male fertility. Fertil Steril 2013; 99: 354-361 
39. Lee S, Lee KA, Choi GY, Desai M, Lee SH, Pang MG, Jo I, Kim YJ. Feed restriction during pregnancy/lactation induces programmed changes in lipid, adiponectin, and leptin levels with gender differences in rat offspring. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 908-914. 
40. Kim YH, Kim BJ, Kim BG, Lee YA, Kim KJ, Chung HJ, Hwang S, Woo JS, Park JK, Schmidt JA, Pang MG, Ryu BY. Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 expression by undifferentiated spermatogonia in the pre-pubertal boar testis. J Anim Sci 2013; 91: 3143-3154.
41. Shukla KK, Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Park YJ, You YA, Pang MG. Nitlin-3a decreases male fertility via UQCR2. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e76959. 
42. Lee MS, Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Chung HJ, Yang BS, Pang MG. Efficacy of four synchronization protocols on the estrus behavior and conception in native Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Theriogenology 2013; 80: 855-861. 
43. Park YJ, Kim J, You YA, Pang MG. The proteomic revolution to improve tools for evaluating male fertility in animals. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4738-4747. 
44. Rahman MS, Lee JS, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Sperm Proteomics: Road to male fertility and contraception. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:1-11. 
45. Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Calcium influx and male fertility in the context of the sperm proteome: an update. BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014:1-13. 
46. Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Lee JS, Kim J, Yoon SJ, Park YJ, You YA, Hwang S, Pang MG. A comprehensive proteomic approach to identifying capacitation related proteins in boar spermatozoa. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:897. 
47. Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Lee JS, Kim J, Yoon SJ, Park YJ, You YA, Hwang S, Pang MG. Sodium nitroprusside suppresses male fertility in vitro. Andrology 2014; 2:899-909. 
48. Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Diagnosis and prognosis of male infertility in mammal: the focusing of tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphotyrosine proteins. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4505-4517. 
49. Ryu DY, Kim YJ, Lee JS, Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Yoon SJ, Pang MG. Capacitation and acrosome reaction differences of bovine, mouse and porcine spermatozoa in responsiveness to estrogenic compounds. J Anim Sci Technol 2014; 56: 26. 
50. You YA, Park YJ, Kwon WS, Yoon SJ, Ryu BY, Kim YJ, Pang MG. Increased frequency of aneuploidy in long-lived spermatozoa. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e114600. 
51. Rengaraj D, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Effects of Motor Vehicle Exhaust on male reproductive function and associated proteins. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:22-37. 
52. Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Lee JS, Yoon SJ, Ryu BY, Pang MG. Bisphenol-A affects male fertility via fertility-related proteins in spermatozoa. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 9169.  
53. Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Lee JS, Yoon SJ, Park YJ, Pang MG. Discovery of predictive biomarkers for litter size in boar spermatozoa. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1230-1240. 
54. Yoon SJ, Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Lee JS, Pang MG. A novel approach to identifying physical markers of cryo-damage in bull spermatozoa. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0126232. 
55. Kim J, Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Lee JS, Yoon SJ, Park YJ, You YA, Pang MG. Effect of sodium fluoride on male fertility. Andrology 2015; 3:544-551. 
56. Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Lee JS, You YA, Pang MG. Improving litter size by boar spermatozoa: application of combined H33258/CTC staining in field trial with artificial insemination. Andrology 2015; 3:552-557. 
57. Lee JH, Yoo JY, You YA, Kwon WS, Lee SM, Pang MG, Kim YJ. Proteomic analysis of fetal programming-related obesity markers. Proteomics 2015; 15:2669-2677. 
58. Lee JS, Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Yoon SJ, Park YJ, Pang MG. Actin-related protein 2/3 complex-based actin polymerization is critical for male fertility. Andrology 2015; 3:937-946. 
59. Rengaraj D, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Bioinformatics annotation of human Y chromosome-encoded protein pathways and interactions. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3503-3518. 
60. Kwon WS, Oh SA, Kim YJ, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Pang MG. Proteomic approaches for profiling negative fertility markers in inferior boar spermatozoa. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13821. 
61. Kwon WS, Oh Rahman MS, Ryu DS, Park YJ, Pang MG. Increased male fertility using fertility-related biomarkers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15654. 
62. You YA, Lee JH, Kwon EJ, Yoo JY, Kwon WS, Pang MG, Kim YJ. Proteomic analysis of one-carbon metabolism-related marker in liver of rat offspring. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2901-2909. 
63. Yoon SJ, Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Park YJ, Pang MG. Addition of cryoprotectant significantly alters the epididymal sperm proteome. PLoS One 2015; 11:e01526902016. 
64. Yun SJ, Bae GS, Park JH, Song TH, Choi A, Ryu BY, Pang MG, Kim EJ, Yoon M, Chang MB. Antioxidant effects of cultured wild ginseng root extracts on the male reproductive function of boars and guinea pigs. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 170:51-60. 
65. Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Yoon SJ, Park YJ, Ryu BY, Pang MG. A novel approach to assessing bisphenol-A hazards using an in vitro model system. BMC Genomics 2016; 17: 577. 
66. Ha SJ, Kim BG, Lee YA, Kim YH, Kim BJ, Jung SE, Pang MG, Ryu BY. Effect of antioxidants and apoptosis inhibitors on cryopreservation of murine germ cells enriched for spermatogonial stem cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e01613722016.
67. Yoon SJ, Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Ryu DY, Park YJ, Pang MG. Proteomic identification of cryostress in epididymal spermatozoa. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7: 67. 
68. Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Karmakar PC, Yoon SJ, Ryu BY, Pang MG. Gestational exposure to Bisphenol A affects the function and proteome profile of F1 spermatozoa in adult mice. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125: 238-245. 2017.02.01 
69. Kim BJ, Kim YH, Lee YA, Jung SE, Hong YH, Lee EJ, Kim BG, Hwang S, Do JT, Pang MG, Ryu BY. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha positive cardiac progenitor cells derived from multipotent germline stem cells are capable of cardiomyogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:29643-29656. 2017.04.02 
70. Ahn J, Park YJ, Chen P, Lee TJ, Jeon YJ, Croce CM, Suh Y, Hwang S, Kwon WS, Pang MG, Kim CH, Lee SS, Lee K. Comparative expression profiling of testis-enriched genes regulated during the development of spermatogonial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175787. 2017.04.17 
71. Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Ryu DY, Khatun A, Pang MG. Comparison of markers predicting litter size in different pig breeds. Andrology 2017; 5: 568-577. 2017.05.01 
72. You YA, Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Kim YJ, Pang MG. Sex chromosome-dependent differential viability of human spermatozoa during prolonged incubation. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:1183-1191. 2017.06.01 
73. Khatun A, Rahman MS, Ryu DY, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Elevated aminopeptidase N affects sperm motility and early embryo development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184294. 2017.08.31 
74. Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Determination of highly sensitive biological cell model systems to screen BPA-related health hazards using Pathway Studio. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:1909. 2017.09.06 
75. Jung SE, Kim YH, Cho S, Kim BJ, Lee HS, Hwang S, Kim GB, Kim YH, Pang MG, Lee S, Ryu BY. A phytochemical approach to promotion of self-renewal in murine spermatogonial stem cell by using Sedum Sarmentosum extract. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11441. 2017.09.12 
76. Karmakar PC, Kang HG, Kim YH, Jung SE, Rahman MS, Lee HS, Kim YH, Pang MG, Ryu BY. Bisphenol A affects on the functional properties and proteome of testicular germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells in vitro culture model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11858. 2017.09.19 
77. Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Prediction of male fertility using capacitation-associated proteins in spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:749-759. 2017.09.01 
78. Rengaraj D, Lee BR, Han JY, Pang MG. Comprehensive analysis on the homology, interaction, and miRNA regulators of human deleted in azoospermia proteins: updated evolutionary relationships with primates. Genes Genom 2017; 39:1335-1351. 
79. Ryu DY, Kim KU, Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Khatun A, Pang MG. Peroxiredoxin activity is a major landmark of male fertility. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17174. 2017.12.07 
80. Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Ryu DY, Khatun A, Karmakar PC, Ryu BY, Pang MG. Functional and proteomic alterations of F1 capacitated spermatozoa of adult mice following gestational exposure to Bisphenol A. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:524-535. 2018.01.05
81. You YA, Mohamed EA, Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Song WH, Ryu BY, Pang MG. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin can alter the sex ratio of embryos with decreased viability of Y spermatozoa in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 77:130-136. 2018.04.01 
82. Kwon WS, Shin DH, Ryu DY, Khatun A, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Applications of capacitation status for litter size enhancement in various pig breeds. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2018; 31:842-850. 2018.06,01 
83. Karmakar PC, Cho YJ, Kim YH, Jung SE, Jin JH, Kim BJ, Kwon WS, Kim YH, Pang MG, Ryu BY. Chemotherapeutic drugs alter functional properties and proteome of mouse testicular germ cells in vitro. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:465-476. 2018.08.01 
84. Khatun A, Kang KH, Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Effect of Aminopeptidase N on functions and fertility of mouse spermatozoa in vitro. Theriogenology 2018; 118:182-189. 2018.09.15 
85. Song WH, Mohamed EA, Pang WK, Kang KH, Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Effect of endocrine disruptors on the ratio of X and Y chromosome-bearing live spermatozoa. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 82:10-17. 201812.01 
86. Kwon WS, Kim YJ, Ryu DY, Kwon KJ, Song WS, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 is a key factor of male fertility. Theriogenology 2019: 126:145-152. 2019.03.01 
87. Kim KU, Pang WK, Kang S, Ryu DY, Song WH, Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Pang MG. Solute carrier family 9 regulator 1 in spermatozoa is correlated with boar fertility. Theriogenology 2019: 126:254-260. 2019.03.01 
88. Arifuzzaman S, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Research update and opportunity of Non-hormonal Male Contraception: Histone demethylase KDM5B-based targeting. Pharmacol Res 2019: 141:1-20. 2019.03.01. 
89. Kim YH, Choi YR, Kim BJ, Jung SE, Kim SM, Jin JH, Yun MH, Kim SU, Kim YH, Hwang S, Pang MG, Ryu BY. GDNF family receptor alpha 1 is a reliable marker of undifferentiated germ cells in bulls. Theriogenology 2019: 132:172-181. 2019.07.01. 
90. Rahman MS, Kang KH, Arifuzzaman S, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Song WH, Park YJ, Pang MG. Effect of antioxidants on BPA-induced stress on sperm function in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2019: 9: 10584. 2019.07.22. 
91. Rahman MS, Pang MG. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of bisphenol A action in spermatozoa. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2019:46:99-106. 2019.09.01. 
92. Ryu DY, Song WS, Pang WK, Yoon SJ, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Freezability biomarkers in bull epididymal spermatozoa. Sci Rep 2019: 9: 12797. 2019.09.05. 
93. Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity. Medically unnecessary genital cutting and the rights of the child: moving toward consensus. Am J Bioeth 2019: 19:17-28. 2019. 10.01 
94. Kang S, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Song WH, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Pang MG. Porcine seminal protein-I and II mRNA expression in boar spermatozoa is significantly correlated with fertility. Theriogenology 2019: 138:31-38. 2019.10.15. 
95. Park YJ, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Song WH, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Optimized combination of multiple biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy in male fertility. Theriogenology 2019: 139:106-112. 2019.11.01. 
96. Bae JW, Kim SH, Kim DH, Ha JJ, Yi JK, Hwang S, Ryu BY, Pang MG, Kwon WS. Ras-related proteins (Rab) are key proteins related to male fertility following a unique activation mechanism. Reprod Biol 2019: 19:356-362. 2019.12.01 
97. Song WH, Ryu DY, Pang WK, Yoon SJ, Rahman MS, Pang MG. NT5C1B and FH are closely associated with cryoprotectant tolerance in spermatozoa. Androl 2020: 8:221-230. 2020.01.01 
98. Rahman MS, Pang MG. New biological insights on X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020: 7:388. 2020.01.21 
99. Rahman MA, Saha SK, Rahman MS, Uddin MJ, Uddin MS, Pang MG, Rhim H, Cho SG. Molecular insights into therapeutic potential of autophagy modulation by natural products for cancer stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020: 8:283. 2020.04.24 
100.Park YJ, Rahman MS, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Kim B, Pang MG. Bisphenol A affects the maturation and fertilization competence of spermatozoa. Ecotoxi Environ Safe 2020: 196: 110512. 2020.06.15 
101. Pang WK, Kang S, Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Pang MG. Optimization of sperm RNA processing for developmental research. Sci Rep 2020: 10:11606. 2020.07.14 
102. Amjad S, Rahman MS, Pang MG.
Role of antioxidants in alleviating Bisphenol A toxicity. Biomolecules 2020: 10:1105. 2020.07.25 
103.Karmakar PC, Ahn JS, Kim YH, Jung SE, Kim BJ, Lee HS, Kim SU, Rahman MS, Pang MG, Ryu BY. Paternal exposure to Bisphenol-A transgenerationally impairs testis morphology, germ cell associations, and stemness properties of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020: 21:5408. 2020.07.29 
104. Rahman MS, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Park YJ, Pang MG. Multigenerational and transgenerational impact of paternal bisphenol A exposure on male fertility in a mouse model. Hum Reprod 2020: 35.1740-1752. 2020.08.01 
105. Adegoke EO, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Bisphenols threaten male reproductive health via testicular cells. Front Endocrinol 2020: 11:624. 2020.09.11 
106.Rahman MA, Rahman MS, Uddin MJ, Manum-Or-Rashid ANM, Pang MG, Rhim H. Emerging risk of environmental factors: insight mechanisms of Alzheimer’s diseases. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2020: 27:446591-44672. 20201201 
107.Rahman MA, Rahman MS, Rahman MH, Rasheduzzaman M, Mamun-Or-Rashid ANM, Uddin MJ, Rahman MR, Hwang H, Pang MG, Rhim H. Modulatory effects of autophagy on APP processing as a potential treatment target for Alzheimer's disease. Biomedicines 2021: 9:5-25. 20201224 
108. Park YJ, Pang MG. Mitochondrial functionality in male fertility: from spermatogenesis to fertilization. Antioxidants 2021: 10:98. 20210112 
109.Park YJ, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Adegoke EO, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Bisphenol A exposure increases epididymal susceptibility to infection in mice. Ecotoxi Environ Safe 2021: 208: 111476. 20210115 
110.Park YJ, Kwon KJ, Song WH, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Pang MG. New technique of sex preselection for increasing female ratio in boar sperm model. Reprod Domest Anim 2021: 56:333-341. 20210201 
111. Adegoke EO, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Kim YJ, Pang MG. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and infectious disease: from endocrine disruption to immunosuppression. Int J Mol Sci 2021:22: 3939. 20210411 
112. Amjad S, Rahman MS, Pang WS, Ryu DY, Adegoke EO, Park YJ, Pang MG. Effects of phthalates on the functions and fertility of mouse spermatozoa. Toxicol 2021: 454: 152746. 20210430 
113. Rahman MS, Hossain KS, Das S, Kundu S, Adegoke EO, Rahman MA, Hannan MA, Uddin MJ, Pang MG. Role of Insulin in Health and Disease: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021:22: 6403. 20210615 
114. Rahman MS, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Park YJ, Ryu BY, Pang MG. Multigenerational impacts of gestational bisphenol A exposure on the sperm function and fertility of male mice. J Hazard Mater 2021: 416:125791. 20210815 
115.Ryu DY, Pang WK, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Pang MG.  Peroxiredoxin 4 directly affects the male fertility outcome in porcine. Theriogenology 2021:171:85. 20210901 
116. Rahman MS, Adegoke EO, Pang MG. Drivers of owing more BPA. J Hazard Mater 2021: 417:126076. 20210905 
117. Park YJ, Shin DH, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Adegoke EO, Pang MG. Short-term storage of semen samples in acidic extender increases the proportion of females in pigs. BMC Vet Res. 2021:17:362. 20211126 
118. Pang WK, Son JH, Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Park YJ, Pang MG. Heat shock protein family D member 1 in boar spermatozoa is strongly related to the litter size of inseminated sows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2022:13:42. 20220415 
119. Adegoke EO, Rahman MS, Amjad S, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Park YJ, Pang MG. Bisphenol A damages testicular junctional proteins transgenerationally in mice. Environ Pollut. 2022:302:119067. 20220601 
120. Park YJ, Lee BM, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Low Sperm Motility Is Determined by Abnormal Protein Modification during Epididymal Maturation. World J Mens Health. 2022.  
121. Park YJ, Rahman MS, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Jung MJ, Amjad S, Kim JM, Pang MG. Systematic muti-omics reveals the overactivation of T cell receptor signaling in inmmune system following bisphenol A exposure. Environ Pollution. 2022
122. Rahman MS, Pang WK, Amjad S, Ryu DY, Adegoke EO, Park YJ, Pang MG. Hepatic consequences of a mixture of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in male mice. J Hazard Mater. 2022

  Tel. +82. 031)670-4841 
   mgpang@cau.ac.kr

    Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea